Norman《Pāli Literature》第5、10—11页支持饥荒、战争及无畏山势力增长的背景;《大史》XXXIII.100—101可核三藏与注释由口传改为书写,但原文所给直接理由是“见众生衰退、欲令正法久住”,并未明说因诵者将死而书写。Collins与《岛史》尚缺。 【2026-09-05 核大史】两部编年史已逐字核到,正文的因果归属与两书俱不合。《大史》XXXIII.100–101(Geiger 译本书内第 237 页)逐字作:「The text of the three piṭakas and the aṭṭhakathā thereon did the most wise
核查全文
bhikkhus hand down in former times orally, but since they saw that the people were falling away (from religion) the bhikkhus came together, and in order that the true doctrine might endure, they wrote them down in books」;《岛史》XX.20–21(Oldenberg 译本书内第 211 页)同事同辞:「Before this time, the wise Bhikkhus had orally handed down the text of the three Piṭakas and also the Aṭṭhakathā. At this time, the Bhikkhus who perceived the decay of created beings, assembled and in order that the Religion might endure for a long time, they recorded (the above-mentioned texts) in written books」。 两书所给的理由只有一条:见众生衰退、欲令正法久住。「战乱饥荒」「恐诵者死尽」在两书中皆无据——Geiger 译《大史》全书检索 famine/dearth/starvation 仅 5 处,无一在 Vaṭṭagāmaṇi 朝:书内第 222 页那一处是 Akkhakkhāyika 之饥(属 32.29,杜多伽摩尼朝,早此百余年),另四处属后世诸王。《大史》第三十三章确记战乱(33.37–41 提沙婆罗门叛与七达米罗入寇、33.43–49 王败走匿于 Vessagiri 林、33.53 与 33.61 两处记流亡十四年、33.78 复位),但战乱一节与书写一节之间,原文并未系因果:33.79–99 隔以无畏山寺之建、大寺分裂诸事,书写事在 100–101,另起而言。 改法:把「据编年史……因恐诵者死尽而书写」改为「两部编年史所记的理由是『见众生衰退、欲令正法久住』;战乱与流亡见于同章,但两书未把它写成书写的原因」。「战乱饥荒致书写」之说系后出的解释(饥荒一事出注疏所传的 Bāminitiya-sāya,不见于两史正文),若要保留,须另标其出处,不得系于两史。 本行原据 ``(Collins〈On the Very Idea of the Pali Canon〉JPTS 15, 1990),该文仍未入库(库内只有同作者《Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities》,非同一篇,不可代);但正文所称「据斯里兰卡编年史」一句,已可直接由两史证伪,不待 Collins。故改判「误」。 【2026-09-05 落实,作者授权】正文已改:去掉「因恐诵者死尽而书写」的因果归属,改述两史所记的理由,并说明战乱见于同章而未被写成原因、饥荒之说出于后世注疏。新立脚注 ``(附于文件末尾,不动既有行号),记两史卷次页码与 famine 五处的检索结果。「书写之为保险」一层改写为后人的解释,不再托于编年史。判语由「误」降为「疑」:所误已改,``(JPTS 15, 1990)仍未入库,该文所论「圣典观念的形成」一侧不能核,故不判确。 【同日追补:错的来路已查明】Norman《Pāli Literature》原无文字层(219 页零命中),本日补跑 OCR(`research/…[无文字层,2026-09-05 补跑 OCR].pdf`)后可检索。该书第 10–11 页作:"The Dīpavaṃsa states that during the reign of Vaṭṭagāmaṇi Abhaya (29–17 B.C.) the monks who had previously remembered the Tipiṭaka and its commentary orally now wrote them down in books, because of the threat posed by famine, war, and the growing power of the newly established Abhayagiri vihāra",所注出处(脚注 74)正是 Dīp XX 20–21——即本轮逐字核过的那两颂,而两颂并无此意;同书第 5 页又把这一说法系于「the Sinhalese chronicles」。本书原来的错,来自转述这一条通行叙述。Norman 同页并指出,阿卢寺五百比丘结集之说出自十三、十四世纪的《宝庄严》与《教派纲要》,属晚出敷演,可为「饥荒说后出」再添一证。书影已剪备 `书影/norman-p10.png`。 【2026-09-06 Collins 到手,本行最后一块补齐,转确】JPTS 15 (1990) 那篇已入库并补跑 OCR。它把本轮从两史逐字核出来的结论独立复述了一遍,还把错的来路又往前推了一层(重印本第 78 页)(库内为后出重印本,其自身页码作 72—95;原刊 JPTS 15 (1990): 89—126 之页码只见于首页的 Source 行,正文内无原刊页标,故以下页码一律指重印本页):「In modern secondary works, there has arisen a tendency to associate the writing of the texts most closely with conditions of war and famine, and so to translate hāni as ‘decrease (in numbers)’, or more generally ‘disastrous state’. This seems first to have been suggested by Adikaram (1946, Chap. 4); Rahula’s account (1956, pp. 81-2, 157-8) is very frequently cited in other secondary works. These authors recount stories concerning war between Sinhalese and Tamil kings, and a famine associated with a brahmin turned bandit called Tissa. The Mahāvaṃsa mentions Tissa briefly earlier in the Chapter (XXXIII, 37-41), but not the famine. Although it is quite plausible to connect the decision to commit the texts to writing with the troubled conditions of the time, it is worth noticing that this is not given as a reason in any of the primary sources, early or late.」 三点与本轮所核一一相合:①两史同颂、字句全同(他照录 Dīp XX 20-1 与 Mhv XXXIII 100-1 的巴利原文,并译作「when the monks saw the hāni of beings they came together and had them written in books, in order that the Teaching should endure for a long time」);②《大史》第三十三章确记提沙其人而不记饥荒;③战乱与书写之间,原始文献自始至终未系因果。先前查到的 Norman 一环,其上游即 Adikaram 1946 与 Rahula 1956,本书原来的错是这条二手链条的末端。 柯林斯并给出他自己的正面提议(非本行所需,但可备):书写当与大寺派同无畏山寺之争相联系,「at least one of the motives for the decision was the fixation, through writing, of a definitive list of scriptures, at a time when the position of the Mahāvihāra as sole legitimate custodians of Buddhism was under threat」——韦多迦摩尼所护正是无畏山一方,故此举当读作受威胁一方的自固,不是灾变下的抢救。 正文已按两史改毕(见上),Collins 一环今亦落实,判语由「疑」改「确」。人证已备(pdf 图=collins-jpts-095|页=重印本第 78 页),见清单。