| Front Matter | Preface |
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| Part 1: Background and Origins | Chapter 1: India Before the Buddha—The Vedas, Brahmanism, and Social Structure |
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| Chapter 2: The Upaniṣads and the Core Problems—Karma, Rebirth, and Liberation |
| Chapter 3: The Renunciant Movement—Jainism, Fatalism, Materialism, and Skepticism |
| Chapter 4: The Historical Buddha—Reconstructing a Life without the Myths |
| Chapter 5: The Earliest Teachings—The Four Truths, Dependent Origination, Non-Self, and the Five Aggregates |
| Part 2: Early Sangha and School Divisions | Chapter 1: Formation of the Sangha and the Vinaya |
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| Chapter 2: Councils and the Oral Transmission of Scripture |
| Chapter 3 The Root Schism: The Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṃghikas |
| Chapter 4 The Proliferation of the Schools: Eighteen or Twenty? |
| Chapter 5 The Rise of Abhidharma |
| Part 3: Philosophy of the Early Schools | Chapter 1 Sarvāstivāda: The Three Times Really Exist, and the Intrinsic Nature of Dharmas Always Exists |
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| Chapter 2 The *Mahāvibhāṣā* and the Sarvāstivāda System |
| Chapter 3 Sautrāntika: Seeds, Momentary Cessation, and Continuity |
| Chapter 4 Theravāda Abhidhamma |
| Chapter 5 The Vātsīputrīyas and the Problem of the Person |
| Chapter 6 Core Controversies: Time, Causality, Mind, and Mental Factors |
| Part 4: Rise of Mahayana | Chapter 1 The Problem of Mahāyāna Origins: Evidence and Hypotheses |
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| Chapter 2 Early Mahāyāna Scriptures: Prajñāpāramitā, Lotus, Avataṃsaka, Pure Land, and Vimalakīrti |
| Chapter 3 The Bodhisattva Path and a New Ideal of Practice |
| Chapter 4 Mahāyāna and the Early Schools |
| Part 5: Madhyamaka | Chapter 1 Nāgārjuna: The *Mūlamadhyamakakārikā*, Emptiness, Dependent Arising, and the Two Truths |
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| Chapter 2 Āryadeva and Early Madhyamaka |
| Chapter 3 Madhyamaka Methods of Argument |
| Chapter 4 Buddhapālita and Bhāviveka: The Division between Svātantrika and Prāsaṅgika |
| Chapter 5 Candrakīrti and Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka |
| Chapter 6 Argumentative Slippages in Prajñāpāramitā and Madhyamaka Texts |
| Part 6: Yogacara | Chapter 1 The Maitreya Treatises and the Formation of Yogācāra |
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| Chapter Two: Asaṅga—The *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* and Storehouse Consciousness |
| Chapter Three: Vasubandhu—The *Twenty Verses* and *Thirty Verses on Consciousness-Only* |
| Chapter Four: The Three Natures, Three Absences of Nature, and Transformation of the Basis |
| Chapter Five: The Debate between Consciousness-Only and Madhyamaka |
| Part 7: Tathagatagarbha and Buddha Nature | Chapter One: The Tathāgatagarbha Sūtras |
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| Chapter Two: The *Ratnagotravibhāga* |
| Chapter Three: Tathāgatagarbha, Consciousness-Only, and Madhyamaka |
| Chapter Four: The Later Influence of Tathāgatagarbha in China and Tibet |
| Part 8: Late Indian Buddhism | Chapter One: Dignāga—Foundations of Buddhist Logic and Epistemology |
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| Chapter Two: Dharmakīrti’s Logic and Epistemology |
| Chapter Three: Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla—Synthesizing Madhyamaka and Yogācāra |
| Chapter Four: The Rise of Esoteric Buddhism and Vajrayāna |
| Chapter Five: Nālandā, Vikramaśīla, and the Late Great Monasteries |
| Chapter Six: The Decline of Buddhism in India—An Inference from Historical Sources |
| Part 9: Southern Buddhism | Chapter One: Transmission to Sri Lanka and the Conflict between Mahāvihāra and Abhayagiri |
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| Chapter Two: Buddhaghosa, the *Visuddhimagga*, and the Commentarial Tradition |
| Chapter Three: Southeast Asia—Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos |
| Chapter 4: Doctrine and Meditation Traditions |
| Chapter 5: Modern Reform and Development |
| Part 10: Chinese Buddhism | Chapter 1: Transmission and Early Sūtra Translation—An Shigao, Lokakṣema, and Dao’an |
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| Chapter 2: Matching Concepts and Early Interpretation |
| Chapter 3: Kumārajīva, the Three Treatises, and Sengzhao |
| Chapter 4: The History of Sūtra Translation and Xuanzang |
| Chapter 5: The Tiantai School |
| Chapter 6: The Huayan School |
| Chapter 7: The Consciousness-Only or Faxiang School |
| Chapter 8: The Chan School |
| Chapter 9: The Pure Land School |
| Chapter 10: The Vinaya, Esoteric, and Other Schools |
| Chapter 11: Modern Chinese Buddhism and Humanistic Buddhism |
| Part 11: Tibetan Buddhism | Chapter 1: The Early Diffusion—Imperial Tibet and the Samye Debate |
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| Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Later Diffusion |
| Chapter 3: Nyingma and Dzogchen |
| Chapter 4: Kagyu and Mahāmudrā |
| Chapter 5: The Sakya School |
| Chapter 6: Gelug and Tsongkhapa |
| Chapter 7: The Madhyamaka Debate—Self-Emptiness and Other-Emptiness |
| Chapter 8: Tibetan Buddhism in the Modern and Contemporary Periods |
| Part 12: Modern and Contemporary Trends | Chapter 1: Buddhist Modernism |
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| Chapter 2: The Transmission of Buddhism to the West |
| Chapter 3: Methods and Advances in Academic Buddhist Studies |
| Chapter 4: New Developments from 1990 to 2020 |
| Chapter 5: Buddhism During and After the Pandemic |
| Chapter 6: Buddhism and Feminism |
| Part II: Philosophical Analysis | Reader's Guide: Expansion, Necessary Repetition, and Deeper Analysis |
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| Part II: Philosophical Analysis · Part 13: Analysis of Early Teachings | Chapter 1, Part II: Map of the Metaphysical Frontier |
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| Chapter 1, Part I: The Fourteen Undeclared Questions and the Outline of Early Buddhist Metaphysics |
| Chapter 2: Nibbāna, the Similes of Fire and Tree, and a Phenomenological Approach |
| Chapter 3: The Five Aggregates, the Four Great Elements, and Not-Self |
| Chapter 4: Dependent Arising and Psychodynamic Analysis |
| Chapter 5: Rebirth, the Destinations, and the Three Realms |
| Chapter 6: Bodhisattva, Buddha, and the Four Fruits |
| Chapter 7: Leaves in the Hand—Metaphysical Restraint and Inevitable Leakage |
| Chapter 8: The Author's Reflections—The Allure of Metaphysics |
| Part II: Philosophical Analysis · Part 14: Analysis of Theravada Abhidhamma | Chapter 0: Guide to This Part |
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| Chapter 1: Mind, Matter, and Continuity—The Questions Abhidhamma Taxonomy Seeks to Answer |
| Chapter 2: Nāma—A Taxonomy of Mental Phenomena |
| Chapter 3: Rūpa—A Taxonomy of Material Phenomena |
| Chapter 4: Citta-vīthi: A Taxonomy of Mental Processes |
| Chapter 5: The Twenty-Four Conditions: A Taxonomy of Relations |
| Chapter 6: Continuity: Time, Rebirth, and the End of Continuity |
| Chapter 7: Restraint and the Vacancies |
| Part II: Philosophical Analysis · Part 15: Analysis of Sarvastivada Philosophy | Chapter 0: Guide to This Part |
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| Chapter 1: Sarvāstitva—Substance and Function, Real and Nominal |
| Chapter 2: The Seventy-Five Dharmas—Another List |
| Chapter 3: Existence in the Three Times—The Dharma Substance in Time |
| Chapter 4: Persistence—Possession, Unmanifest Matter, and Formal Entities |
| Chapter 5: Six Causes and Four Conditions—Another Algorithm for Relations |
| Chapter 6: Atoms and Aggregation—The Material End |
| Chapter 7: Entities and Regress |
| Appendices | Terminology Concordance (for All Volumes) |
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| Afterword |
