03-根本分裂

André Bareau. Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule. Saigon: École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1955. 各部地理分布见第一章综述。

萨尔纳特、桑奇、科萨姆破僧诏铭文，见 Romila Thapar, Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, rev. ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997, Appendix V；译注及讨论另见 Ven. S. Dhammika, The Edicts of King Asoka. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993, "Minor Pillar Edicts"：诏文作"Whoever, whether monk or nun, splits the Saṅgha is to be made to wear white clothes and to reside somewhere other than in a monastery"，译者注谓此白衣即"the white clothes of the lay followers rather than the yellow robe of a monk or nun"。

Jiryo Masuda. "Origin and Doctrines of Early Indian Buddhist Schools: A Translation of the Hsüan-chwang Version of Vasumitra's Treatise (Samayabhedoparacanacakra)." Asia Major 2 (1925): 1–78。五事之颂见书内 15 页：“(Arhants) are tempted by others and ignorance (they have), Doubt (they have with regard to truths divine); (Arhantship) thro’ others’ help they realize and the path Thro’ utterance (they ascertain)”；因此分为大众部与上座部，见书内 14 页。汉文原典见《大毗婆沙论》卷九十九，颂作“餘所誘無知猶豫他令入道因聲故起是名真佛教”。第一事该论作“天魔所嬈漏失不淨”，非"梦中"；该论并判此事为非因计因之戒禁取，“謂彼不淨從煩惱生。而說天魔所嬈故出”。

Janice J. Nattier and Charles S. Prebish. "Mahāsāṃghika Origins: The Beginnings of Buddhist Sectarianism." History of Religions 16, no. 3 (1977): 237–272.

W. Pachow. A Comparative Study of the Prātimokṣa: On the Basis of Its Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit and Pāli Versions. Rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000（初版 1955）. 诸本各聚条数对照见书内第 9、13 页；众学无定数、诸部得随意增益之说见书内第 40 页。

Heinz Bechert. "Notes on the Formation of Buddhist Sects and the Origins of Mahāyāna." In German Scholars on India, vol. 1. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1973.　巴利律的界说见 Vin II 204："Te imehi aṭṭhārasahi vatthūhi apakassanti, avapakassanti, āveniṃ uposathaṃ karonti, āveniṃ pavāraṇaṃ karonti, āveniṃ saṅghakammaṃ karonti. Ettāvatā kho, upāli, saṅgho bhinno hotī"（VRI 拼作 apakassanti，PTS 作 apakāsanti，按 PTS 拼法检 VRI 本会零命中）：以十八事颠倒说法为前件，别行布萨、自恣、僧事为后件，倡异纠众与别行羯磨两型要素并具。二型的先后另有争议（佐々木閑 2009 以倡异纠众为本义、别行羯磨为阿育王时改定；小南薫 2023 据梵本判根本有部律属后一型），详见第四篇第一章相关脚注；本书此处照律文转述，不在先后之争里站队。

Sukumar Dutt. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962, p. 177："sect was no longer a separatist principle in sangha life: monks of different sects could live in the same saṅgha"；同寺共住"seems to have been the normal practice"，不同小乘部派之间、乃至大小乘之间都是如此。杜特所据为寺院遗址题铭与汉地求法僧的目击记载，故这一判断的时段落在公元后诸世纪，不上溯到部派初分之时。