03-月称与应成中观的解脱路径

月称《入中论》（Madhyamakāvatāra）以菩萨十地为框架、六度配前六地，第六地（现前地）以般若度现观空性为核心；开篇以大悲心、无二慧、菩提心为菩萨三因，而以大悲为首。英译与研究见 the Padmakara Translation Group. Introduction to the Middle Way: Candrakīrti's Madhyamakāvatāra with Commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Boston: Shambhala, 2002（此本本书未见）；前六地部分另见 C. W. Huntington Jr. The Emptiness of Emptiness: An Introduction to Early Indian Mādhyamika. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1989。菩萨十地的经典依据为《十地经》（Daśabhūmika-sūtra）。

自续（svatantra）与应成（prasaṅga）之争，见月称《明句论》（Prasannapadā）首章对清辨（Bhāvaviveka）自续论式的批判。月称的核心理由是论辩双方对所论对象缺乏共同的"看见"（持自性见者见其为自相实有，中观论者见其无自性），故自续论式所需的共同基底不成立，中观只能借"世间共许"（loka-prasiddha）的世俗前提作归谬（Mervyn Sprung 译 Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way, Boulder: Prajñā Press, 1979，首章书内 37 页作"because he cannot accept his opponent's premises"，41 页作"we do not construct independent arguments, our arguments effect the refutation of the claims of our opponents"）。宗喀巴以应成为宗并以"名言量"承接这一层，见其《菩提道次第广论·毗钵舍那章》（Elizabeth Napper, Dependent-Arising and Emptiness, Wisdom Publications, 1989，书内 65 页谓此章"includes a detailed discussion of whether there is or is not a commonly appearing subject to both parties in a debate"）。专题研究见 Kodo Yotsuya. The Critique of Svatantra Reasoning by Candrakīrti and Tsong-kha-pa. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999；综述见 Paul Williams. Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009, ch. 3。自续、应成之分与本卷验证问题的关联，另见本篇第一章。